This product is an unconjugated, non-therapeutic recombinant analog of toripalimab, a humanized anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, supplied strictly for research use. Built around the same target as the originator drug (human PD-1 / PDCD1), it is intended as a bench reagent for characterising PD-1 biology and the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint axis, not as a clinical or veterinary product. Typical research applications include use as a binding and blocking reference standard, a positive control in PD-1 detection and receptor-occupancy assays, a benchmarking tool alongside other checkpoint-directed antibodies, and a building block for ADCC or antibody-drug-conjugate development workflows. It is offered at low endotoxin (research grade less than 1 EU/mg; ultra-low grade less than 0.5 EU/mg) and in bulk milligram-to-gram quantities to support in-vitro assay development, preclinical cell-based studies, and formulation or method optimisation. Because it is a research-grade analog rather than the licensed therapeutic, it should be validated in the user's own system before use. No clone or proprietary sequence is implied; the reagent is defined by its target and function.
PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1; gene PDCD1; UniProt Q15116) is a type I transmembrane immune checkpoint receptor of the CD28/immunoglobulin superfamily, expressed on activated T cells, B cells, NK cells, and myeloid subsets. Its cytoplasmic tail carries ITIM and ITSM motifs that recruit the phosphatase SHP-2 upon ligand engagement, dampening TCR and CD28 signalling. PD-1 binds two ligands, PD-L1 (CD274) and PD-L2 (PDCD1LG2), which are upregulated in inflamed and tumour tissue. Sustained PD-1 signalling drives T-cell exhaustion and peripheral tolerance, and tumours exploit this axis to evade immune attack. Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction restores effector T-cell function, the mechanistic basis for checkpoint-inhibitor immunotherapy.