This is an unconjugated, non-therapeutic recombinant analog of cadonilimab, supplied for research use only. Cadonilimab is a bispecific antibody that simultaneously engages two immune checkpoint receptors, PD-1 and CTLA-4, built here in a tetravalent human IgG1-kappa format bearing appended lambda2 single-chain variable fragments (scFv-heavy-lambda2). It is not the clinical product and is not intended for human or veterinary use. The analog is intended as a dual-checkpoint binding and blocking reagent for in-vitro and preclinical research: as a positive control or comparator in ligand-blockade and receptor-occupancy assays, in the development and benchmarking of PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific formats, in cell-based reporter and T-cell activation systems, and in binding characterisation (ELISA, SPR/BLI, flow cytometry). It is offered at research grade with low endotoxin (<1 EU/mg research grade; <0.5 EU/mg ultra-low), and can be produced in bulk (mg to gram scale) to support screening, assay standardisation, and reproducible lot-to-lot work. Because both targets are human proteins, its principal value is in human-antigen binding, neutralisation, and control applications rather than as a therapeutic.
PD-1 (PDCD1; UniProt Q15116) and CTLA-4 (UniProt P16410) are inhibitory receptors that restrain T-cell responses at distinct stages. PD-1 is induced on activated T cells and, on engaging its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2, recruits SHP phosphatases to dampen TCR and CD28 signalling, driving peripheral tolerance and T-cell exhaustion in chronic antigen and tumour settings. CTLA-4 acts earlier, chiefly during priming in lymphoid tissue; it outcompetes the costimulatory receptor CD28 for the shared B7 ligands CD80 and CD86, can strip them from antigen-presenting cells by trans-endocytosis, and is central to regulatory T-cell suppression. Blocking both pathways aims to relieve two non-redundant brakes on antitumour immunity, the rationale behind dual PD-1/CTLA-4 targeting. Both are validated immuno-oncology checkpoints.